A. S. Sahul Hameed​, A. S. Ninawe, T. Nakai, S. C. Chi and K. L. Johnson

Edited by Nick J. Knowles and Stuart G. Siddell

Chapter contents

Citation

A summary of this ICTV Report chapter has been published as an ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile article in the Journal of General Virology, and should be cited when referencing this online chapter as follows:

Sahul Hameed, A.S., Ninawe, A.S., Nakai, T., Chi, S.C., Johnson, K.L., and ICTV Report Consortium, 2018, ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Sarthroviridae, Journal of General Virology, 99: 1563–1564.

Summary

Extra small virus (XSV) is a satellite virus of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), an unclassified virus related to members of the family Nodaviridae (Bonami et al., 2005) (Table 1.Sarthroviridae). Both viruses have isometric, spherical virions (Figure 1.Sarthroviridae), infect giant fresh water prawns, and together cause white tail disease, which is responsible for mass mortalities and important economic losses in hatcheries and farms (Bonami and Sri Widada 2011). XSV replication is dependent on that of MrNV and the two viruses are always found together (Bonami and Sri Widada 2011, Zhang et al., 2006).  

Table 1.Sarthroviridae. Characteristics of members of the family Sarthroviridae.

Virion

Morphology

XSV virions are non-enveloped, spherical, about 15 nm in diameter and serologically unrelated to those of MrNV. They have icosahedral symmetry (Longyant et al., 2012, Qian et al., 2003).

Figure 1.Sarthroviridae. Transmission electron micrographs of negatively-stained (left) extra small virus (bar = 50 nm) and (right) Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (bar = 100 nm) virions purified by differential ultracentrifugation.

Physicochemical and physical properties

XSV virions have a density of 1.325 g mL^-1 in 25–40% CsCl gradients. Viruses are inactivated at 50 °C for 10 minutes but stable to pH between 2 and 8.     

Nucleic acid

The XSV genome is a linear positive-sense RNA molecule of 796 nucleotides which, unlike other satellite viruses, contains a short poly(A) tail of 15–20 nucleotides at the 3′-end (Widada and Bonami 2004) (Figure 2.Sarthroviridae).

Proteins

Protein analysis by SDS-PAGE showed that the protein composition of XSV is simple and composed of two polypeptides of about 17 and 16 kDa which are the major protein components that form the viral capsid.

Lipids

None

Carbohydrates

None

Genome organization and replication

The positive-sense genome contains a single open reading frame from which two capsid proteins are independently translated from different initiation codons. These capsid proteins, CP17 (17 kDa) and CP16 (16 kDa), are present in nearly equimolar amounts in the virion (Widada and Bonami 2004, Wang et al., 2008). It has been reported that the 3′-untranslated region plays an important role in selective encapsidation of the XSV genome (Liang et al., 2014). The capsid proteins are not recognizably similar to proteins in the public sequence databases (Widada and Bonami 2004). Replication is dependent upon the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of the helper virus MrNV.

Figure 2.Sarthroviridae. Genome organization of the Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus and extra small virus genomes. RdRP: RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, CP: capsid protein. Numbers indicate nucleotide positions.

Biology

XSV and MrNV have been detected in aquatic insects of several species, which were collected from nursery ponds containing freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) infected with MrNV and XSV (Sudhakaran et al., 2008a). Both viruses could also replicate in mosquito cell lines, suggesting that aquatic insects serve as vectors for the transfer of XSV and MrNV (Sudhakaran et al., 2008a).

Antigenicity

XSV virions are serologically unrelated to those of MrNV (Longyant et al., 2012, Qian et al., 2003).

Derivation of names 

Sarthro from small arthropod.

Macronovirus from Macrobrachium rosenbergii the host species, and nodavirus, the group of viruses to which the helper virus Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus is most closely related.

Relationships within the family

Several XSV isolates from geographically remote locations, including French West Indies, Thailand, Taiwan, China and India, have been reported (Bonami and Sri Widada 2011, Sudhakaran et al., 2008b). The isolates display 96–99% nucleotide identity in their capsid protein genes (Sudhakaran et al., 2008b).

Relationships with other taxa

The capsid protein is not recognizably similar to proteins in the public sequence databases (Widada and Bonami 2004).

Genus: Macronovirus

Since only one genus (Macronovirus) is currently recognized in the family Sarthroviridae, the family description above corresponds to the genus description. For clarity, the additional information that can be found on the genus page is also presented below.

Member species

Virus names, the choice of exemplar isolates, and virus abbreviations, are not official ICTV designations.